Access Statistics for Ronald Davies

Author contact details at EconPapers.

Working Paper File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A Negotiation-Based Model of Tax-Induced Transfer Pricing 0 0 2 62 1 2 7 137
A Negotiation-Based Model of Tax-Induced Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 71
A Negotiation-Based Model of Tax-Induced Transfer Pricing 0 1 1 16 0 1 1 90
A Race to the Bottom in Labour Standards? An Empirical Investigation 0 0 0 160 0 0 5 600
A Snapshot of Public Finance Research from Immediately Prior to the Pandemic: IIPF 2020 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 13
A negotiation-based model of tax-induced transfer pricing 0 1 1 26 0 1 2 150
A race to the bottom in labour standards? An empirical investigation 0 1 1 74 0 1 2 223
Abstinence from Child Labor and Profit Seeking 0 0 0 111 0 1 1 739
Adaptive Learning with a Unit Root: An Application to the Current Account 0 0 1 44 0 1 2 232
Asymmetric FDI and Tax-Treaty Bargaining: Theory and Evidence 0 0 0 119 0 0 1 473
Asymmetric FDI and Tax-Treaty Bargaining: Theory and Evidence 0 0 0 2 1 3 3 503
Asymmetric FDI and Tax-Treaty Bargaining: Theory and Evidence 0 0 1 98 1 1 3 324
Asymmetric FDI and Tax-Treaty Bargaining: Theory and Evidence" 0 0 0 142 1 1 1 522
Brexit and Foreign Students in Gravity 0 1 23 26 0 3 24 28
CCCTB 4 EU? SA vs. FA w/ FTA 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 149
Competition in Taxes and IPR 0 0 1 24 0 0 4 66
Competition in Taxes and Performance Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 0 165 0 0 0 620
Cooperation in Environmental Policy: A Spatial Approach 0 0 1 99 0 0 1 355
Corporate taxation and the location choice of foreign direct investment in EU countries 0 0 1 56 0 2 6 123
Do Bilateral Tax Treaties Promote Foreign Direct Investment? 0 0 2 327 2 3 8 1,002
Do Bilateral Tax Treaties Promote Foreign Investment? 0 0 0 122 0 0 0 334
Economic Integration and the Optimal Corporate Tax Structure with Heterogeneous Firms 0 0 0 30 0 0 2 114
Economic Integration and the Optimal Corporate Tax Structure with Heterogeneous Firms 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 175
Economic integration and the optimal corporate tax structure with heterogeneous firms 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 85
Economic integration and the optimal corporate tax structure with heterogeneous firms 0 0 0 91 0 0 0 363
Economic integration and the optimal corporate tax structure with heterogeneous firms 0 0 0 34 0 0 2 158
Economic integration and the optimal corporate tax structure with heterogeneous firms 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 66
Estimating The Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment 0 0 0 244 0 0 2 757
Estimating the Impact of Time-Invariant Variables on FDI with Fixed Effects 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 108
Estimating the Impact of Time-Invariant Variables on FDI with Fixed Effects 0 0 0 193 0 0 4 513
Estimating the Impact of Time-Invariant Variables on FDI with Fixed Effects 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 279
Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment 0 0 4 722 0 0 7 2,643
Export Mode, Trade Costs, and Productivity Sorting 0 1 1 108 2 4 5 185
Export Processing Zones and the Composition of Greenfield FDI 0 0 1 45 1 2 5 121
Export mode, Trade Costs, and Productivity Sorting 0 0 0 61 1 1 1 117
FDI in Space: Spatial Autoregressive Relationships in Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 2 371 1 1 3 1,126
Fixed Costs, Foreign Direct Investment, and Gravity with Zeros 0 0 0 127 0 0 0 400
Foreign Bidders Going Once, Going Twice... Protection in Government Procurement Auctions 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 35
Foreign Bidders Going Once, Going Twice... Protection in Government Procurement Auctions 0 0 0 45 0 0 2 55
Foreign Bidders Going Once, Going Twice… Protection in Government Procurement Auctions 0 0 0 18 0 0 1 72
Foreign bidders going once, going twice... Protection in government procurement auctions 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 49
Fragmentation of Headquarter Services and FDI 0 0 0 224 0 0 1 639
From China with Love: The Role of FDI from Third Countries on EU Competition and R&D Activities 0 0 0 50 0 1 3 100
Gradualism in Tax Treaties with Irreversible Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 0 121 1 1 2 474
Gradualism in Tax Treaties with Irreversible Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 0 60 0 1 1 184
Greenfield FDI and Skill Upgrading 0 0 0 51 0 0 2 211
Greenfield FDI and Skill Upgrading 0 0 0 96 1 1 1 308
Greenfield FDI and skill upgrading 0 0 0 46 0 0 2 177
Greenfield versus Merger & Acquisition FDI: Same Wine, Different Bottles? 0 0 0 30 0 0 2 103
Greenfield versus Merger & Acquisition FDI: Same Wine, Different Bottles? 0 0 2 148 0 0 4 944
Greenfield versus Merger & Acquisition FDI: Same Wine, Different Bottles? 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 17
Greenfield versus Merger & Acquisition FDI: Same Wine, Different Bottles? 0 1 1 17 1 2 5 29
Greenfield versus Merger \& Acquisition FDI: Same Wine, Different Bottles? 0 0 0 64 0 0 1 178
Hops, Skip & a Jump - The Regional Uniqueness of Beer Styles 0 0 1 23 0 0 3 153
Hops, Skip & a Jump: The Regional Uniqueness of Beer Styles 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 34
Hops, Skip & a Jump: The Regional Uniqueness of Beer Styles 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 29
How Far Away is an Intangible? Services FDI and Distance 0 0 1 50 0 0 2 204
How Far Away is an Intangible? Services FDI and Distance 0 0 0 56 0 1 2 299
How far away is an intangible? Services FDI and distance 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 122
Hunting High and Low for Vertical FDI 0 0 0 351 0 0 0 1,139
I've Been Everywhere (Except Mexico): Investor Responses to NAFTA's Cross-Border Trucking Provisions 0 0 0 14 0 0 1 64
Investor Responses to NAFTA’s Cross-Border Trucking Provisions 0 0 1 3 0 1 2 15
Irexit: Making the Worst of a Bad Situation 0 0 2 24 1 2 6 90
Is there an environmental benefit to being an exporter? Evidence from firm level data 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 297
Is there an environmental benefit to being an exporter? Evidence from firm level data 0 0 0 27 0 0 2 180
I’ve Been Everywhere (Except Mexico): Investor Responses to NAFTA’s Cross-Border Trucking Provisions 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 47
Knocking on Tax Haven's Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 150
Knocking on Tax Haven's Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 64 0 1 3 232
Knocking on Tax Haven's Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 33 0 0 11 196
Knocking on Tax Haven's Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 58 0 2 3 208
Knocking on Tax Haven?s Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 0 44 0 1 6 132
Knocking on Tax Haven’s Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 0 0 1 38 0 0 2 125
Knocking on Tax Haven’s Door: multinational firms and transfer pricing 0 1 2 92 0 2 3 239
Learning and international policy diffusion: the case of corporate tax policy 0 0 0 61 0 0 3 179
Learning or Leaning: Persistent and Transitory Spillovers from FDI 0 0 1 48 0 1 3 124
Learning or Leaning: Persistent and Transitory Spillovers from FDI 0 0 0 42 0 0 1 108
Learning or leaning: persistent and transitory growth spillovers from FDI 0 0 0 49 0 0 1 108
Learning to Tax - Interjurisdictional Tax Competition under Incomplete Information 0 0 0 32 1 1 2 43
Learning to Tax ?- Interjurisdictional Tax Competition under Incomplete Information 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 67
Location Decisions of Non-Bank Financial Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-Level Evidence from Europe 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 114
Location Decisions of Non-Bank Financial Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-Level Evidence from Europe 0 1 1 34 1 2 2 83
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, Drug Purity, and a Test of Rational Drug Use 0 0 0 109 0 0 0 1,450
Monthly Report No. 6/2024 0 1 1 1 0 3 3 3
Negotiated Transfer Prices 0 1 2 53 0 1 11 182
Non-Tariff Barriers, Enforcement, and Revenues: The Use of Anti-Dumping as a Revenue Generating Trade Policy 0 0 0 48 0 3 5 164
OK Computer: The Creation and Integration of AI in Europe 0 0 1 86 0 0 2 119
Of Donor Coordination, Free-Riding, Darlings, and Orphans: The Dependence of Bilateral Aid on Other Bilateral Giving 0 0 0 35 1 1 1 128
Of Donor Coordination, Free-Riding, Darlings, and Orphans: The dependence of bilateral aid commitments on other bilateral giving 0 0 1 70 0 1 5 252
Of Donor Coordination, Free-Riding, Darlings, and Orphans: The dependence of bilateral aid on other bilateral giving 0 1 2 53 2 3 6 79
Of Donor Coordination, Free-Riding, Darlings, and Orphans: The dependence of bilateral aid on other bilateral giving 0 0 0 31 1 1 3 108
Optimal Tariffs, Tariff Jumping, and Heterogeneous Firms 0 0 0 30 0 1 2 182
Optimal tariffs, tariff jumping, and heterogeneous firms 0 0 0 112 0 1 1 255
Patent Boxes and the Success Rate of Applications 0 1 1 44 0 1 8 153
Patent Boxes and the Success Rate of Applications 0 1 3 13 0 1 4 40
Patent Boxes and the Success Rate of Applications 0 0 1 14 2 3 6 29
Pennies from Haven: Wages and Profit Shifting 0 0 5 28 1 3 31 96
Pennies from Haven: Wages and Profit Shifting 0 1 4 4 1 2 8 8
Population Aging, Foreign Direct Investment, and Tax Competition 0 0 0 93 0 1 3 370
Population Aging, Foreign Direct Investment, and Tax Competition 0 0 0 226 0 1 3 722
Protection in Government Procurement Auctions 0 0 0 76 0 1 2 96
Regional Knowledge Spaces: The Interplay of Entry-Relatedness and Entry-Potential for Technological Change and Growth 0 0 1 30 1 1 7 61
Royale with Cheese: The Effect of Globalization on the Variety of Goods 0 0 0 52 0 0 3 343
Royale with cheese: the effect of globalization on the variety of goods 0 0 0 134 0 0 1 442
Self-Protection: Antidumping Duties, Collusion and FDI 0 0 0 134 0 0 0 473
Self-Protection: Fragmentation of Headquarter Services and FDI 0 0 0 81 1 1 1 302
Spacey Parents: Spatial Autoregressive Patterns in Inbound FDI 0 0 0 119 0 0 3 387
State Tax Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: A Winnable War? 0 0 0 239 0 1 1 587
Tariff Evasion, the Trade Gap, and Structural Trade 0 0 1 25 2 2 7 38
Tariff-induced transfer pricing and the CCCTB 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 123
Tariffs Versus VAT in the Presence of Heterogeneous Firms and an Informal Sector 1 1 1 77 1 1 1 524
Tariffs Versus VAT in the Presence of Heterogeneous Firms and an Informal Sector 0 0 0 21 2 2 2 117
Tariffs Versus VAT in the presence of heterogeneous firms and an informal sector 0 0 0 42 0 1 1 164
Tax Competition and Foreign Capital 0 0 0 160 0 0 0 507
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry 0 0 0 115 0 1 1 323
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 236
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 76
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry: The Case of Heterogeneous Fixed Costs 0 0 1 63 0 2 4 199
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry:The Case of Heterogeneous Fixed Costs 0 0 0 106 0 0 0 232
Tax Competition for International Producers and the Mode of Foreign Market Entry 0 0 0 115 0 1 3 492
Tax Competition for International Producers and the Mode of Foreign Market Entry 0 0 0 91 1 1 1 311
Tax Competition in an Expanding European Union 0 0 2 165 0 1 5 365
Tax Competition in an Expanding European Union 0 0 0 306 0 1 4 777
Tax Competition in an Expanding European Union 0 0 4 206 0 0 8 438
Tax Treaties, Renegotiations, and Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 1 194 0 0 3 566
Tax competition in an expanding European Union 0 0 4 35 1 1 7 156
The Corporate Tax Regime and Industrial Policy in Ireland 0 1 2 65 0 1 5 169
The Economics of Advance Pricing Agreements 0 0 0 34 0 0 1 66
The Economics of Advance Pricing Agreements 0 0 2 21 1 1 5 92
The Economics of Advance Pricing Agreements 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 113
The Effect of FDI on Child Labor 0 0 0 150 0 0 0 597
The Effect of FDI on Child Labor 0 0 0 315 1 2 4 1,029
The Effect of Tax Treaties on Market Based Finance: Evidence using Firm-Level Data 0 0 1 24 1 2 4 133
The Effect of Tax Treaties on Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Microdata 0 0 0 62 0 1 3 236
The Effect of Tax Treaties on Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Microdata 0 0 0 54 0 1 3 165
The Effect of Tax Treaties on Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Microdata 0 0 0 174 0 0 1 707
The Effects of Bilateral Tax Treaties on U.S. FDI Activity 0 0 1 226 0 0 1 766
The Effects of Bilateral Tax Treaties on U.S. FDI Activity 0 0 1 379 1 2 6 1,417
The Glass Border: Gender and Exporting in Developing Countries 0 0 0 104 0 1 2 215
The Heterogeneous Impact of Brexit: Early Indications from the FTSE 0 0 1 37 0 0 2 119
The Heterogeneous Impact of Brexit: Early Indications from the FTSE 0 0 0 113 0 0 2 362
The Impact of Everything But Arms on EU Relative Labour Demand 0 0 0 33 0 2 14 217
The Impact of Protection on Observed Productivity Distributions 0 0 1 42 0 0 2 89
The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Electricity Intensity of Firms 0 0 0 62 0 1 2 91
The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Exporting Behavior 0 0 2 108 1 1 13 326
The Impact of Taxes on the Extensive and Intensive Margins of FDI 0 0 0 61 0 0 1 174
The Impact of Taxes on the Extensive and Intensive Margins of FDI 0 1 2 60 0 1 4 123
The Infant Industry Argument: Tariffs, NTMs and Innovation 2 2 6 112 5 9 28 264
The OECD Model Tax Treaty: Tax Competition and Two-Way Capital 0 0 1 414 0 1 2 2,188
The Silver Lining of Red Tape 0 0 0 26 0 1 1 196
The Structure of Firms' International Activities 0 0 0 13 0 0 2 50
The Structure of Multinational Firms' International Activities 0 0 2 23 1 1 5 63
The Structure of Multinational Firms' International Activities 0 0 1 44 1 1 4 104
The Structure of Multinational Firms' International Activities 0 0 0 13 0 0 2 31
The economics of advance pricing agreements 0 0 0 29 1 1 1 130
The silver lining of red tape 0 0 0 22 0 2 9 267
Thoughts on the demise of FDI 0 0 2 42 4 10 31 162
Total Working Papers 3 19 118 13,004 51 136 522 45,656

Journal Article File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A race to the bottom in labor standards? An empirical investigation 0 2 7 498 1 5 27 1,700
A review of submissions to International Tax and Public Finance, 2010–2020 0 0 8 12 1 6 27 41
A snapshot of public finance research from immediately prior to the pandemic: IIPF 2020 0 0 2 7 0 0 6 27
Abstinence from child labor and profit seeking 0 2 2 51 1 3 5 280
Adaptive learning with a unit root: An application to the current account 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 150
Asymmetric FDI and tax-treaty bargaining: theory and evidence 0 0 1 169 0 0 7 466
Beer, brewing, and regional studies 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY GENERATING BOARD v. COLEMAN AND OTHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CHAPMAN AND OTHERS v. GOONVEAN AND ROSTOWRACK CHINA CLAY CO. LTD 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 6
COATES v. C.J. CRISPIN LTD 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Competition in taxes and intellectual property right 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10
Competition in taxes and performance requirements for foreign direct investment 0 0 0 75 0 0 3 275
Cooperation in environmental policy: a spatial approach 0 1 6 30 1 2 10 129
Darlings and Orphans: Interactions across Donors in International Aid 0 1 2 26 1 3 6 100
E. & J. DAVIS TRANSPORT LTD. v. D. CHATTAWAY AND OTHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
EARL v. SLATER & WHEELER (AIRLYNE) LTD 0 0 5 6 0 2 12 14
Economic integration and the optimal corporate tax structure with heterogeneous firms 0 1 1 56 0 1 5 206
Editorial Note 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7
Editorial Note 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 12
Editorial Note 0 0 3 3 0 1 6 6
Editorial note 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 25
Editorial note 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 40
Editorial note 0 0 0 17 1 1 1 53
Estimating the Impact of Time-Invariant Variables on FDI with Fixed Effects 0 1 1 74 0 1 1 229
Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment 1 1 1 193 1 3 7 782
Export mode, firm heterogeneity, and source country characteristics 0 0 1 65 1 1 3 192
FDI in space: Spatial autoregressive relationships in foreign direct investment 0 2 7 439 4 8 27 1,220
Fixed Costs, Foreign Direct Investment, and Gravity with Zeros 0 0 0 65 1 1 4 213
Fragmentation of headquarter services and FDI 0 0 0 65 1 1 2 245
Gradualism In Tax Treaties With Irreversible Foreign Direct Investment 0 0 0 104 0 0 0 401
Greenfield FDI and skill upgrading: A polarized issue 0 0 0 12 0 1 3 58
Greenfield FDI and skill upgrading: A polarized issue 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 13
Greenfield versus merger and acquisition FDI: Same wine, different bottles? 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 41
Greenfield versus merger and acquisition FDI: Same wine, different bottles? 0 0 3 18 0 2 10 79
How Far Away is an Intangible? Services FDI and Distance 0 0 0 16 0 0 1 62
Hunting High and Low for Vertical FDI 0 0 0 76 0 2 5 335
Introduction to the special issue for the 2023 IIPF congress: “Behavioral public finance” 0 3 4 4 0 5 6 6
Is there an environmental benefit to being an exporter? Evidence from firm-level data 1 1 6 78 2 5 22 276
Knocking on Tax Haven’s Door: Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing 1 3 31 299 5 10 105 917
Location decisions of non‐bank financial foreign direct investment: Firm‐level evidence from Europe 0 0 0 5 0 1 1 36
Making the Worst of a Bad Situation: A Note on Irexit 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 11
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, Drug Purity and Overdose Rates 0 0 2 30 1 1 4 210
OGIDI‐OLU v. BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF GUY'S HOSPITAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
OK Computer: the creation and integration of AI in Europe 0 0 1 30 0 0 6 106
Profit taxation and the mode of foreign market entry 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12
Profit taxation and the mode of foreign market entry 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 181
Protection in government procurement auctions 0 0 0 23 1 3 4 103
Regional knowledge spaces: the interplay of entry-relatedness and entry-potential for technological change and growth 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 15
Royale with Cheese: Globalization, Tourism, and the Variety of Goods 0 0 0 18 0 0 3 81
SIMPSON v. DICKINSON 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
Self‐protection? Antidumping Duties, Collusion, and FDI* 0 0 0 31 0 0 1 106
State tax competition for foreign direct investment: a winnable war? 0 0 0 135 0 0 0 476
Strategic tariffs, tariff jumping, and heterogeneous firms 1 2 3 97 2 4 8 272
Tariffs versus VAT in the presence of heterogeneous firms and an informal sector 0 0 1 62 2 4 7 222
Tax Competition and Foreign Capital 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 242
Tax Competition for Heterogeneous Firms with Endogenous Entry 0 0 0 132 0 1 4 367
Tax Treaties and Foreign Direct Investment: Potential versus Performance 1 1 4 312 1 2 11 748
Tax Treaties, Renegotiations, and Foreign Direct Investment 1 1 4 80 1 2 9 277
The Effect of Tax Treaties on Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Microdata 0 0 0 71 0 0 7 257
The Effects of Bilateral Tax Treaties on U.S. FDI Activity 0 1 9 290 1 4 18 940
The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Electricity Intensity of Firms 0 0 1 9 0 0 4 33
The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Electricity Intensity of Firms 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2
The Impact of Special Economic Zones on Exporting Behavior 0 1 6 19 2 5 29 73
The OECD Model Tax Treaty: Tax Competition And Two-Way Capital Flows 0 0 0 156 0 0 1 964
The economics of advance pricing agreements 2 2 4 40 2 3 12 195
The effect of FDI on child labor 1 1 1 251 2 3 11 786
The glass border: Gender and exporting in developing countries 0 0 1 11 0 0 10 46
The heterogeneous impact of Brexit: Early indications from the FTSE 1 2 6 105 4 8 33 424
The impact of taxes on the extensive and intensive margins of FDI 0 0 1 18 0 3 11 71
The silver lining of red tape 0 0 0 33 0 2 2 192
Thoughts on the demise of FDI 0 1 1 17 1 2 2 73
Trade liberalization in services: Investor responses to NAFTA’s cross-border trucking provisions 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 17
What do multinationals do? The structure of multinational firms’ international activities 0 2 4 9 0 2 13 35
Total Journal Articles 10 33 143 4,622 42 119 544 16,198

Chapter File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
FDI in Space: Spatial Autoregressive Relationships in Foreign Direct Investment 1 1 1 10 1 1 3 64
The Effects of Aging on US FDI 0 0 1 2 1 2 6 17
Total Chapters 1 1 2 12 2 3 9 81

logo

LogEc Home

Top Working Papers
Top Journal Articles
Top Books
Top Chapters
Top Software Items

Top Authors

Top Working Paper series and Journals

About LogEc

Authors with papers registered in the RePEc Author Service.

Register yourself as an author or register more papers in the RePEc Author Service.

Authors with no registered papers

RePEc
LogEc provides access and usage for services based on the RePEc data set.

Örebro UniversityLogEc is hosted by the Örebro University School of Business.

Questions or comments? Please see our explanation of how the statistics are collected or e-mail logec@oru.se

Statistics updated 2025-03-03