Access Statistics for Anna Jacobson Schwartz

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Working Paper File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A brief empirical history of U.S. foreign-exchange intervention: 1973-1995 0 0 1 89 2 2 4 236
Asset Price Inflation and Monetary Policy 0 0 0 768 1 2 5 1,816
Bretton Woods and the U.S. decision to intervene in the foreign-exchange market, 1957-1962 0 0 0 63 0 1 2 174
Bretton Woods, swap lines, and the Federal Reserve’s return to intervention 0 0 0 100 1 1 3 177
Charles Goodhart's Contributions to the History of Monetary Institutions 0 0 1 469 1 2 4 2,188
Could Stable Money Have Averted The Great Contraction? 0 0 0 78 0 0 2 425
David Laidler on Monetarism 0 1 2 263 2 5 21 863
Epilogue: Foreign-Exchange-Market Operations in the Twenty-First Century 0 0 0 77 2 2 4 245
Epilogue: foreign-exchange-market operations in the twenty-first century 0 0 0 54 0 1 3 210
From Obscurity to Notoriety: A Biography of the Exchange Stabilization Fund 0 0 1 49 0 0 3 266
From the Exchange Stabilization Fund to the International Monetary Fund 0 0 1 153 2 2 10 717
IS-LM and Monetarism 0 0 1 625 1 1 6 2,158
Measuring Real Economic Effects of Bailouts: Historical Perspectives on How Countries in Financial Distress Have Fared With and Without Bailouts 0 0 0 318 3 3 4 1,142
Monetary Policy Regimes and Economic Performance: The Historical Record 1 1 3 592 1 3 19 1,872
Money Growth Variability and Money Supply Interdependence Under InterestRate Control: Some Evidence For Canada 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 235
Money Stock Targeting, Base Drift and Price-Level Predictability: Lessons From the U.K. Experience 0 0 0 44 0 0 2 603
Money and Prices in the Nineteenth Century: Was Thomas Tooke Right? 0 0 0 95 0 0 2 290
Money versus Credit Rationing: Evidence for the National Banking Era, 1880-1914 0 0 0 33 1 1 3 191
On the evolution of U.S. foreign-exchange-market intervention: thesis, theory, and institutions 0 0 0 78 0 0 2 369
Real Versus Pseudo-International Systemic Risk: Some Lessons from History 0 0 1 403 2 3 6 1,569
Shadow Open Market Committee; Policy Statement and Position Papers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 623
The ECU - An Imaginary or Embryonic Form of Money: What Can We Learn from History? 0 0 1 27 0 0 2 211
The Evolution of Wage and Employment in the Israeli Economy 1986-1991 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 179
The Evolution of the Federal Reserve Swap Lines since 1962 0 0 0 63 0 0 3 117
The Evolution of the Federal Reserve Swap Lines since 1962 0 0 0 72 0 0 1 69
The Federal Reserve as an Informed Foreign Exchange Trader: 1973 - 1995 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 117
The Federal Reserve as an informed foreign-exchange trader: 1973-1995 0 0 0 61 2 3 5 187
The Historical Origins of U.S. Exchange Market Intervention Policy 0 0 0 73 3 3 3 327
The Impact of Milton Friedman on Modern Monetary Economics: Setting the Record Straight on Paul Krugman's "Who Was Milton Friedman?" 0 0 1 379 0 0 2 1,181
The Interrelation of Wage Series of Firms to Each Other Land and to the Series of their Employment Level. Facts from Microdata 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 258
The Interrelation of the Time Series of Wage and Employment at the Firm Level, Common Features and Contracts 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 109
The Rise and Fall of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention 0 0 0 360 1 1 2 1,156
The Specie Standard As A Contingent Rule: Some Evidence for Core and Peripheral Countries, 1880-90 0 0 0 64 1 1 2 305
The Specie Standard as a Contingent Rule: Some Evidence for Core and Peripheral Countries, 1880-1990 0 0 0 49 0 0 1 356
The effects of regulation on systemic risks 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 39
The impact of Milton Friedman on modern monetary economics: setting the record straight on Paul Krugman’s 'Who Was Milton Friedman? 0 1 1 282 1 4 4 875
U.S. Foreign-Exchange-Market Intervention and the Early Dollar Float: 1973 - 1981 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 77
U.S. Foreign-Exchange-Market Intervention during the Volcker-Greenspan Era 0 0 2 19 2 2 6 114
U.S. Intervention During the Bretton Woods Era: 1962-1973 0 0 0 70 0 1 2 112
U.S. foreign-exchange-market intervention during the Volcker-Greenspan era 0 0 0 49 0 0 1 105
U.S. intervention and the early dollar float: 1973-1981 0 0 0 45 1 2 5 69
U.S. intervention during the Bretton Wood Era:1962-1973 0 0 0 81 0 0 2 192
U.S. monetary-policy evolution and U.S. intervention 0 0 1 111 0 0 3 105
Under What Circumstances, Past and Present, Have International Rescues of Countries in Financial Distress Been Successful? 0 0 1 83 1 2 4 559
Was Expansionary Monetary Policy Feasible During the Great Contraction? An Examination of the Gold Standard Constraint 0 0 0 359 0 2 4 3,449
What has Foreign Market Intervention Since the Plaza Agreement Accomplished? 0 0 1 78 0 0 4 378
Why Clashes Between Internal and External Stability Goals End in Currency Crises, 1797-1994 0 0 1 129 2 2 4 408
Total Working Papers 1 3 20 6,909 35 56 174 27,423

Journal Article File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
Aftermath of the monetarist clash with the federal reserve before and during the Volcker era 0 0 0 13 0 1 1 65
Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Economic Data 0 1 3 360 0 1 6 984
An Attempt at Synthesis in American Banking History1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 14
Assessing the Euro three years after its launch 0 0 0 115 0 0 1 380
Asset price inflation and monetary policy 0 0 0 33 0 3 6 179
Book Review: The Political Economy of American Monetary Policy 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 34
Clark Warburton: Pioneer monetarist 0 0 0 10 0 1 1 118
Comment on: Historical monetary policy analysis and the Taylor rule 0 0 0 27 0 0 2 106
Consumers' Expenditure in the United Kingdom, 1900–1919. By A. R. Prest assisted by A. A. Adams. (Studies in the National Income and Expenditure of the United Kingdom, No. 3.) New York: Cambridge University Press, 1954. Pp. xiii, 195. $7.50 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 35
Could Stable Money Have Averted the Great Contraction? 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 336
Currency boards: their past, present, and possible future role 0 0 0 412 0 0 3 902
Dangers in Bailing Out Countries That Are in Default by the International Monetary Fund or Others 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 10
Dealing with Exchange Rate Protectionism 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 39
Do Sovereign Debtors Need a Bankruptcy Law? 0 0 0 7 1 2 2 44
From Obscurity to Notoriety: A Biography of the Exchange Stabilization Fund 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 265
General and Miscellaneous - The Gold Standard in Theory and History. Edited by Barry Eichengreen. New York: Methuen, 1985. Pp. vi, 280. $11.95 paper 0 0 1 5 1 1 3 36
Global Order and the Future of the Euro 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 34
Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. By Barry Eichengreen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. vii, 223. $24.95 0 0 0 31 0 1 2 97
Has government any role in money? 0 1 4 552 0 2 15 1,155
Has the Growth of Money Substitutes Hindered Monetary Policy? 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 99
History of Mutual Savings Banks in Northampton, Massachusetts. By Katherine Finney. New York: King's Crown Press, 1945. Pp. x, 225. $2.50 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 20
IS-LM and Monetarism 0 0 2 51 3 3 15 375
Inflation and output changes in France, Italy, and the Netherlands: A comment 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 37
International Debts: What's Fact and What's Fiction 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 217
International Financial Crises: Myths and Realities 0 0 1 6 0 0 2 35
International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods. By Harold James. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi, 742. $45.00 0 0 1 27 0 0 1 90
Interrelations between the United States and the United Kingdom, 1873-1975 0 0 0 49 1 1 3 191
Is There a Need for an International Lender of Last Resort? 0 0 0 8 1 3 4 52
Measuring real economic effects of bailouts: historical perspectives on how countries in financial distress have fared with and without bailouts 0 0 0 165 1 3 5 847
Monetary Policy and the Legacy of Milton Friedman 0 1 1 12 0 1 1 48
Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1878–1970: Selected Findings 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 31
Monetary economic research at the St. Louis Fed during Ted Balbach's tenure as research director 0 0 0 13 1 1 3 117
Money and Prices in the Nineteenth Century: An Old Debate Rejoined 0 0 0 7 0 0 3 36
Money and prices in the 19th century: Was Thomas Tooke right? 0 0 2 54 1 2 5 490
Money stock targeting, base drift, and price-level predictability: Lessons from the U.K. Experience 0 0 0 15 0 0 3 261
Origins of the Financial Market Crisis of 2008 0 0 2 114 0 0 11 362
PROSPECTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM CONSTITUTION 0 0 0 13 0 0 2 50
Portrait 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 5
Real versus Pseudo-International Systemic Risk Some Lessons from History 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 45
Reflections on the Gold Commission Report 0 0 0 57 0 0 2 265
Rejoinder to Paul Krugman 0 0 0 89 0 1 4 289
Remembering Milton Friedman 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 49
Risks to the long-term stability of the euro 0 0 0 52 4 5 7 287
Schwartz on Friedman 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 315
Secular Price Change in Historical Perspective 0 0 2 58 0 0 4 209
The Aliber, Dewald, and Gordon Papers: A Comment 0 0 0 8 1 1 1 65
The Beginning of Competitive Banking in Philadelphia, 1782-1809 0 0 0 37 0 1 4 158
The Behavior of Money Stock under Interest Rate Control: Some Evidence for Canada 0 0 0 16 0 0 1 130
The Definition of Money: Net Wealth and Neutrality as Criteria 0 0 1 643 0 1 6 3,026
The Effect of the Term Structure of Interest Rates on the Demand for Money in the United States 0 0 0 120 0 0 5 356
The Evolution of the Federal Reserve Swap Lines since 1962 1 1 1 38 1 3 11 200
The Federal Reserve as an Informed Foreign Exchange Trader: 1973–1995 0 0 0 16 2 2 3 193
The Golden Age of the Quantity Theory, by David Laidler. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1991. Pp. xv, 220. ISBN 0-691-04295-0 0 1 1 25 0 1 2 57
The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience, 1560–1976. By Roy W. Jastram. New York: John Wiley, 1977. Pp. xvii, 231; tables and charts 0 0 0 21 0 0 2 67
The Importance of Stable Money: Theory and Evidence 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 35
The Jacksonian Economy. By Peter Temin. (The Norton Essays in American History. Edited by Harold M. Hyman.) New York: W. W. Norton, 1969. Pp. 208. $5.50 (cloth); $1.95 (paperback) 0 0 0 24 1 1 1 103
The National Bank Note Puzzle Reinterpreted 1 1 1 25 3 5 6 235
The Performance and Stability of Banking Systems under "Self-Regulation": Theory and Evidence 0 0 0 16 0 0 2 67
The Rise and Fall of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention as a Policy Tool 0 0 0 31 1 1 1 111
The Role of Monetary Policy in the Face of Crises 0 0 0 7 1 1 1 59
The banking crisis of 1993: Susan Estabrook Kennedy, (University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 1973) 270 pp 0 0 0 54 1 1 1 240
The failure of the bank of United States: A reappraisal: A reply 0 0 2 101 1 1 6 266
The historical origins of US exchange market intervention policy 0 0 0 39 0 1 3 216
The impact of Milton Friedman on modern monetary economics: Setting the record straight on Paul Krugman's "Who was Milton Friedman?" 0 1 1 200 1 3 13 1,414
The misuse of the Fed's discount window 0 0 2 114 5 8 19 480
Transmission of Real and Monetary Disturbances under Fixed and Floating Rates 0 0 3 14 0 1 5 56
US Foreign Exchange Market Intervention since 1962 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 208
Under what circumstances, past and present, have international rescues of countries in financial distress been successful? 0 0 2 35 1 1 9 509
Was Expansionary Monetary Policy Feasible during the Great Contraction? An Examination of the Gold Standard Constraint 0 0 3 105 1 1 10 630
What has foreign exchange market intervention since the Plaza Agreement accomplished? 0 0 0 36 2 2 5 140
Why A Monetary History Has Had a Long Life 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 37
Why a Dual Mandate is Wrong for Monetary Policy 1 1 1 76 1 1 2 202
Why clashes between internal and external stability goals end in currency crises, 1797–1994 0 0 1 39 1 2 12 213
Total Journal Articles 3 8 38 4,287 43 80 280 19,128

Book File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 0 0 0 0 13 37 154 4,955
A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821-1931 0 0 0 0 3 5 12 816
Currency Held by the Public, the Banks, and the Treasury, Monthly, December 1917–December 1944 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 137
From New Deal Banking Reform to World War II Inflation 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 192
Monetary Statistics of the United States: Estimates, Sources, Methods 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 1,249
Monetary Trends in the United States and United Kingdom: Their Relation to Income, Prices, and Interest Rates, 1867–1975 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 1,222
Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 411
Money in Historical Perspective 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11
Money in Historical Perspective 0 0 0 0 1 3 25 708
Strained Relations 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 60
Strained Relations: US Foreign-Exchange Operations and Monetary Policy in the Twentieth Century 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 130
The Great Contraction, 1929–33 0 0 0 0 1 2 19 1,539
The International Transmission of Inflation 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 325
The International Transmission of Inflation 0 0 0 0 3 3 4 4
Total Books 0 0 0 0 28 63 263 11,759
2 registered items for which data could not be found

Chapter File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A Century of British Market Interest Rates, 1874–1975 0 0 0 14 0 0 1 56
A Priori Approaches 0 0 0 35 0 0 1 100
Alternative Monetary Regimes: The Gold Standard 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 235
Alternative Policies 0 0 0 71 1 1 3 142
Annual, Semiannual, and Quarterly Estimates, 1867-1907 0 0 3 25 2 2 6 101
Appendices, Currency Held by the Public, the Banks, and the Treasury, Monthly, December 1917–December 1944 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 52
Appendix 1: Summaries of Bank of England Documents 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 5
Appendix 2: Empirical Method for Assessing Success Counts 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 7
Appendix: Publications of Anna J. Schwartz 0 0 0 7 1 1 1 100
Bank Failures 0 0 0 127 0 0 1 214
Basis for Our Choice of Definition 0 0 0 27 0 0 2 104
Charles Goodhart's contributions to the history of monetary institutions 0 0 1 5 2 2 5 39
Clark Warburton: Pioneer Monetarist 0 0 0 32 1 1 9 210
Comments on the Paper by Alan Budd, Sean Holly, Andrew Longbottom and David Smith 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Comparison of Earlier Estimates With Our Own 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 58
Conclusion on Definition 0 0 0 23 0 1 2 137
Currency Held by the Public: Call Date and Monthly Estimates 0 0 0 16 1 1 3 86
Cyclical Changes, 1933–41 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 75
David Laidler on Monetarism 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
Definitions 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 93
Deposits and Commercial Banks: Call Dates 0 0 0 13 2 2 3 91
Deposits and Commercial Banks: Monthly Estimates 0 0 1 17 1 1 3 81
Deposits at Mutual Savings Banks: Call Date and Monthly Estimates 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 71
Deposits with the Postal Savings System 0 0 0 18 0 1 4 124
Derivation of the Series 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 34
Development of Monetary Policy 0 0 0 106 0 0 2 183
Division of Change in Income between Prices and Output 0 0 0 41 1 1 3 102
Do Currency Boards Have a Future? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Epilogue: Foreign-Exchange-Market Operations in the Twenty-First Century 0 0 0 5 1 1 1 36
Estimates for the Period Before 1867 0 0 0 18 1 1 4 75
Estimates for the Period Since 1867 0 0 1 27 0 1 5 92
Exchange Market Policy in the United States: Precedents and Antecedents 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 9
Factors Accounting for Changes in the Stock of Money 0 0 1 105 0 0 3 206
From Gibson to Fisher 0 0 0 28 2 2 5 109
Front matter, Strained Relations: US Foreign-Exchange Operations and Monetary Policy in the Twentieth Century 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 42
General Features of Our Estimates 0 0 1 9 1 1 4 48
Glossary, Sources, Indexes 0 0 0 34 0 0 2 91
Gross Dividend and Interest Payments by Corporations at Selected Dates in the 19th Century 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 39
Has Government Any Role in Money? 0 1 3 284 0 2 11 711
Has the Growth of Money Substitutes Hindered Monetary Policy? 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 53
How Feasible Is a Flexible Monetary Policy? 0 0 0 19 2 2 3 113
II. The Mark III International Transmission Model 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5
III. Capital Flows, Sterilization, Monetary Policy, and Exchange Intervention 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 27
IV. International Price Movements 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
International Character of the Contraction 0 0 0 70 0 0 3 152
Introducing the Exchange Stabilization Fund, 1934–1961 0 0 0 3 2 2 3 12
Introduction to "A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821-1931" 0 1 3 99 1 3 9 222
Introduction to "Monetary Statistics of the United States: Estimates, Sources, Methods" 0 0 0 111 0 0 5 258
Introduction to "The Great Contraction, 1929–33" 0 0 4 343 1 3 13 588
Lessons from the Evolution of US Monetary and Intervention Policies 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 11
Lessons of the Gold Standard Era and the Bretton Woods System for the Prospects of an International Monetary System Constitution 0 0 0 39 3 5 7 154
Library Policies for Research in Monetary Economics 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4
Long Swings in Growth Rates 0 0 0 29 0 0 1 82
Monetary Influences on Nominal Income 0 1 2 44 2 3 5 116
Monetary policy regimes and economic performance: The historical record 2 4 14 575 3 12 52 2,028
Money and Business Cycles 0 1 5 46 1 5 14 163
Money and Business Cycles 0 0 0 257 0 0 3 707
Money and Interest Rates 0 0 1 92 0 0 2 167
Money versus Credit Rationing: Evidence for the National Banking Era, 1880-1914 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 79
Movements of Money, Income, and Prices 0 0 0 71 1 1 3 143
New Deal Changes in the Banking Structure and Monetary Standard 0 0 0 31 0 0 2 115
Notes, References, Index 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 11
On the Evolution of US Foreign-Exchange-Market Intervention: Thesis, Theory, and Institutions 0 0 1 4 0 1 4 46
Part One: Definition of Money, Introduction 0 0 0 83 1 1 3 224
Part Three: Derivation of Our Estimates, Introduction 0 0 1 13 1 1 3 53
Part Two: Earlier Estimates, Introduction 0 0 0 13 1 1 2 72
Principal Empirical Findings 0 0 1 75 1 1 5 162
Prior Usage 0 0 0 25 0 1 3 127
Real and Pseudo-Financial Crises 0 0 2 279 3 5 13 590
References 0 0 0 5 1 1 3 40
References 0 0 0 23 0 3 6 80
Reflections on the Gold Commission Report 0 0 0 29 1 1 1 103
Scope of the Study 0 0 0 30 0 0 4 220
Secular Price Change in Historical Perspective 0 0 0 37 1 1 3 126
Significance of Fluctuations in Currency Holdings 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 44
Sources and Accuracy of Basic Data 0 0 1 19 1 2 6 89
The Basic Data 0 0 0 50 1 1 2 111
The Beginning of Competitive Banking in Philadelphia, 1782–1809 0 0 2 37 0 0 4 134
The Course of Money, Income, Prices, Velocity, and Interest Rates 0 0 1 182 0 0 3 296
The ECU — An Imaginary or Embryonic Form of Money: What Can We Learn from History? 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
The General Statistical Framework 0 0 0 30 1 1 3 90
The General Theoretical Framework 0 1 1 61 0 1 3 178
The Importance of Stable Money: Theory and Evidence 0 0 0 14 0 1 2 74
The Postwar Institutional Evolution of the International Monetary System 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 55
The Postwar Institutional Evolution of the International Monetary System 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 57
The Role of Money 0 0 0 112 0 1 10 273
US Foreign-Exchange-Market Intervention during the Volcker-Greenspan Era, 1981–1997 0 0 0 4 1 1 3 12
US Intervention and the Early Dollar Float, 1973–1981 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 22
US Intervention during the Bretton Woods Era, 1962–1973 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 26
Understanding 1929–1933 0 0 0 56 0 0 4 112
United States Government Balances 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 75
Velocity and the Demand for Money 0 0 0 85 1 1 2 239
Velocity and the Interrelations between the United States and the United Kingdom 0 0 0 27 0 2 4 87
Why Money Matters 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 84
Why Was Monetary Policy So Inept? 0 1 1 120 1 2 5 222
World War II Inflation, September 1939–August 1948 0 0 0 39 1 1 3 187
Total Chapters 2 10 51 4,608 54 98 352 13,491

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Statistics updated 2025-11-08