Access Statistics for David J Spielman

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Working Paper File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A question of integrity: Variants of Bt cotton, pesticides, and productivity in Pakistan 0 0 0 75 0 1 1 54
Accelerating technical change through ICT: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia 0 0 0 7 1 2 7 14
Accelerating technical change through ICTs: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 22
Accelerating technical change through video-mediated agricultural extension: Evidence from Ethiopia 0 0 1 15 0 2 8 73
Accelerating technical change through video-mediated agricultural extension: Evidence from Ethiopia 0 0 0 25 0 1 5 54
Agricultural extension and rural advisory services: What have we learned? What’s next? 0 1 5 31 1 2 15 58
Agricultural mechanization policy options in Rwanda 1 1 5 5 1 1 9 9
Agriculture and the rural economy in Pakistan: Issues, outlooks, and policy priorities 0 2 6 80 0 3 12 261
An empirical examination of the dynamics of varietal turnover in Indian wheat 0 1 2 23 0 1 2 72
Assessing agricultural extension agent digital readiness in Rwanda 0 0 1 1 0 1 8 8
Assessing market price dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 8
Assessing the economywide impacts of COVID-19 on Rwanda’s economy, agri-food system, and poverty: A social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier approach 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 16
Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on household incomes and poverty in Rwanda: A microsimulation approach 0 1 1 8 0 1 3 19
Better Technology or Better Farmers: Exploring Frontiers 0 0 0 7 0 1 1 14
Bragging, shirking, and hiding: Spousal disagreement among Ugandan maize farmers 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 13
CONCENTRATION, MARKET POWER, AND COST EFFICIENCY IN THE CORN SEED INDUSTRY 0 0 0 130 1 1 5 419
Changing patterns in the international movement of crop genetic material: An analysis of global policy drivers and potential consequences 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 50
Consulting the stakeholders on pro-poor market segmentation of maize seed in Africa 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 86
Cooperation and the management of local common resources in remote rural communities: Evidence from Odisha, India 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 18
Cooperation and the provision of local public goods in remote rural communities 0 1 2 14 1 3 5 15
Cooperatives for staple crop marketing: Evidence from Ethiopia 0 0 2 84 2 3 13 275
Demand for Complementary Financial and Technological Tools for Managing Drought Risk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
Demand for Complementary Financial and Technological Tools for Managing Drought Risk: Evidence from Rice Farmers in Bangladesh 0 0 0 19 0 1 2 63
Demand for complementary financial and technological tools for managing drought risk 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 79
Diffusing to level fields: Evolution of laser land leveling technology markets in India 0 0 2 11 0 1 3 60
Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there? 0 0 0 13 0 1 2 12
Direct seed marketing program in Ethiopia in 2013: An operational evaluation to guide seed-sector reform 0 0 1 56 0 0 4 136
Do agriculture interventions increase aspirations? An examination from the lens of caste and gender 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 13
Do grassroots interventions relax behavioral constraints to the adoption of nutrition sensitive food production systems? 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 17
Do grassroots interventions relax behavioral constraints to the adoption of nutrition-sensitive food production systems? 0 0 0 22 0 0 1 14
Does identity affect aspirations in rural India? An examination from the lens of caste and gender 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 19
Empowering women with digital extension in Uganda: Effects of information and role models 0 0 0 15 0 0 20 62
Expected impacts of increases in international prices of fertilizer in Rwanda: Estimates from a microsimulation 0 0 1 8 0 1 23 45
Farmer Preferences for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Hybrid versus Inbred Rice: Evidence from Bihar, India 0 1 2 34 0 2 5 133
Farmer adoption of plot- and farm-level natural resource management practices: Between rhetoric and reality 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 23
Farmer adoption of plot- and farm-level natural resource management practices: Between rhetoric and reality 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Farmer preferences for drought tolerance in hybrid versus inbred rice: Evidence from Bihar, India 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 90
Farmer preferences for drought tolerance in inbred and hybrid rice: Evidence from Bihar, India 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 13
Farmers' Heterogeneous Valuation of Laser Land Leveling in Eastern Uttar Pradesh: An Experimental Auction Approach to Informing Segmentation & Subsidy Strategies 0 0 0 16 1 1 2 187
Female social networks and learning about a new technology in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India 0 0 0 47 0 0 1 128
Food Standards, Certification, and Poverty among Coffee Farmers in Uganda 0 0 0 17 1 2 3 102
Food standards, certification, and poverty among coffee farmers in Uganda 0 0 0 51 0 0 0 89
From "best practice" to "best fit": A framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services worldwide 0 0 0 303 1 4 4 2,680
From "best practice" to "best fit": A framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services worldwide 0 0 0 113 2 3 9 832
From "best practice" to "best fit": a framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services 0 0 9 181 0 4 33 818
From "best practice" to "best fit": a framework for designing and analyzing pluralistic agricultural advisory services worldwide 0 1 2 95 0 2 4 656
Hybrid Rice as a Pro-Poor Technology? Evidence from Bangladesh 0 0 0 39 0 0 1 133
Impact of Rural Women Time Allocation to Agricultural Production on Household Food Security in Pakistan 0 0 1 12 0 0 1 28
Impact of Weather Risk on Cotton Production in Pakistan 0 0 0 9 0 1 3 46
Information Networks among Women and Men and the Demand for an Agricultural Technology in India 0 0 1 25 1 2 6 72
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and agricultural extension in developing countries 0 0 1 14 1 2 4 16
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) to provide agricultural advice to smallholder farmers: Experimental evidence from Uganda 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 35
Information efficiency in a lemons market: Evidence from Bt cotton seed market in Pakistan 0 0 0 38 0 2 5 102
Information networks among women and men and the demand for an agricultural technology in India 0 0 1 64 1 2 4 117
Innovation Systems and Technical Efficiency in Developing-Country Agriculture 0 1 1 117 0 1 3 204
Innovation, competition, and productivity growth: Evidence on the impact of growth in Asia's maize seed sector 1 2 2 41 2 3 4 52
Insuring Against Drought: Evidence on Agricultural Intensification and Demand for Index Insurance from a Randomized Evaluation in Rural Bangladesh 1 1 2 25 2 4 10 71
Insuring against droughts: Evidence on agricultural intensification and index insurance demand from a randomized evaluation in rural Bangladesh 0 0 0 50 2 3 8 108
Intellectual property rights, private investment in research, and productivity growth in Indian agriculture: A review of evidence and options 0 0 2 68 0 0 2 239
Intellectual property rights, technology diffusion, and agricultural development: Cross-country evidence 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 79
Intrahousehold preference heterogeneity and demand for labor-saving agricultural technology: The case of mechanical rice transplanting in India 0 0 1 14 0 0 3 28
Intrahousehold valuation, preference heterogeneity, and demand of an agricultural technology in Bihar, India 0 1 1 40 0 2 2 109
Leveling with Friends: Social Networks and Indian Farmers' Demand for Agricultural Custom Hire Services 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 59
Leveling with Friends: Social Networks and Indian Farmers’ Demand for Agricultural Custom Hire Services 0 0 0 2 0 2 12 104
Leveling with friends: Social networks and indian farmers’ demand for agricultural custom hire services 0 0 0 11 1 1 1 98
MARKET SEGMENTATION STRATEGIES AND SEED PURCHASING DECISIONS AMONG SMALLHOLDERS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM KENYA 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 39
Mapping the design and implementation of seed sector regulation: The case of Uganda 0 0 1 6 0 1 2 8
Measuring Agricultural Innovation System Properties and Performance: Illustrations from Ethiopia and Vietnam 1 1 2 29 1 1 5 135
Measuring agricultural innovation system properties and performance: Illustrations from Ethiopia and Vietnam 0 0 2 151 0 2 9 411
Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption 0 0 1 1 58 181 889 1,039
Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption 1 1 1 20 3 3 5 16
Open for business: pathways to strengthen CGIAR's responsible engagement with the private sector 0 0 0 6 2 2 3 7
Opportunities and challenges in field data validation and corroboration: Matching household survey data with project monitoring data in Ethiopia 0 0 1 20 0 0 4 20
Organic Rural Innovation Systems and Networks: Findings From a Study of Ethiopian Smallholders 0 0 1 51 0 2 3 159
Pakistan: Recent developments in agricultural research 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 13
Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience 0 0 1 118 0 0 3 344
Policy options for fertilizer subsidy reforms in Rwanda: A simulation-based analysis and synthesis of prior studies 0 0 2 19 1 1 36 79
Policy options to accelerate variety change among smallholder farmers in South Asia and Africa South of the Sahara 0 0 1 32 0 2 6 89
Prioritizing development policy research in Egypt: An innovative approach to inform IFPRI’s Egypt Strategy Support Program 0 1 3 8 0 1 3 30
Private Sector Incentives and the Diffusion of Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Developing Countries 0 0 2 46 0 0 4 106
Public Expenditures, Private Incentives, and Farmer Adoption: The Economics of Hybrid Rice in South Asia 0 0 0 38 1 1 1 89
Public benefits of private technology adoption: The localized spatial externalities of water conservation in eastern Uttar Pradesh 0 0 0 25 0 1 2 59
Public expenditures, private incentives, and technology adoption: The economics of hybrid rice in South Asia 0 0 1 13 0 0 3 65
Public investment prioritization for Rwanda’s inclusive agricultural transformation: Evidence from rural investment and policy analysis modeling 0 0 0 10 2 6 9 19
Public subsidies, technology targeting and private investment: Evidence from laser land leveling in Uttar Pradesh, India 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6
Public-private partnerships in agricultural research: an analysis of challenges facing industry and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 0 0 0 315 0 0 3 1,350
Public–private partnerships in international agricultural research 0 0 1 88 0 1 2 236
Regulatory Options to Improve Seed Systems for Vegetatively Propagated Crops in Developing Countries 0 0 0 10 2 2 3 27
Retrospective evaluation of scaling associated with the IITA Cassava Weed Management Project (CWMP): Final project 1 1 3 3 2 3 28 28
Rural innovation systems and networks: Findings from a study of Ethiopian smallholders 0 0 0 197 1 2 6 615
Rwanda smallholder agriculture commercialization survey: Overview using selected categorical variables 0 0 0 3 0 1 4 11
Rwanda: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 9
Rwanda’s agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 4
Rwanda’s food systems transformation: A diagnostic of the public policy landscape shaping the transformation process 0 0 0 14 2 3 6 30
Seed certification and maize, rice and cowpea productivity in Nigeria: An insight based on nationally representative farm household data and seed company location data 0 0 2 25 0 2 5 25
Seed systems and markets: Reflection on progress and political economy 0 0 0 6 1 2 5 14
Seed, fertilizer, and agricultural extension in Ethiopia 0 0 0 28 0 0 8 174
Seed, fertilizer, and agricultural extension in Ethiopia: Summary of ESSP working paper 20 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 64
Sharing science, building bridges, and enhancing impact: Public-Private Partnerships in the CGIAR 0 0 0 72 0 0 2 297
Social networks and Indian farmers’ demand for agricultural custom hire services 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
Strengthening agricultural education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa from an innovation systems perspective: Case studies of Ethiopia and Mozambique 0 0 0 112 0 0 0 440
Structure, competition and policy in India’s seed and agricultural biotechnology industries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Synopsis: Agricultural Mechanization in Rwanda 0 0 1 1 0 2 9 9
Synopsis: Assessing agricultural extension agent digital readiness in Rwanda 0 0 2 2 1 1 5 5
Synopsis: Assessing the economywide impacts of COVID-19 on Rwanda’s economy, agri food system, and poverty: A social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier approach 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 12
Synopsis: Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on household incomes and poverty in Rwanda: A microsimulation approach 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
Synopsis: Prioritizing value chains for achieving Rwanda’s agrifood system transformation: A diagnostic of the agrifood system 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 10
Synopsis: Public investment for Rwanda's inclusive agricultural transformation: A midterm assessment of the contribution of PSTA4 0 0 6 32 1 1 12 65
Synopsis: Public investment prioritization for Rwanda's agricultural transformation: Benefits of an increase in public spending on agriculture under PSTA4 0 0 0 6 0 0 21 39
Synopsis: Rwanda smallholder agricultural commercialization survey: Overview using selective categorical variables 0 0 3 3 0 0 28 28
Synopsis: Rwanda’s food systems transformation: A diagnostic of the public policy landscape shaping the transformation process 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 17
Targeting technology to reduce poverty and conserve resources: Experimental delivery of laser land leveling to farmers in Uttar Pradesh, India 0 1 1 45 1 2 2 95
Targeting, bias, and expected impact of complex innovations on developing-country agriculture: Evidence from Malawi 0 0 0 45 0 1 5 133
Technological opportunity, regulatory uncertainty, and the economics of Bt Cotton in Pakistan 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 6
The (marginal) cost of technology adoption: A cost-effectiveness analysis of Digital Green’s video-mediated agricultural extension approach in Ethiopia 0 0 1 19 0 0 4 41
The (perceived) quality of agricultural technology and its adoption: Experimental evidence from Uganda 0 0 0 11 0 1 4 20
The Architecture of the Pakistani Seed System: A Case of Market-Regulation Dissonance 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 126
The Impact of Bt Cotton on Farmers Health in Pakistan 0 0 1 27 1 1 3 99
The Impact of Ethiopia's Direct Seed Marketing Approach on Smallholders' Access to Seeds, Productivity, and Commercialization 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 12
The Public Benefits of Private Technology Adoption 0 0 0 6 0 1 3 32
The Role of Gender in ICT-mediated Agricultural Information Campaigns 0 0 0 17 0 1 3 68
The effects of political competition on rural land: Evidence from Pakistan 0 0 1 21 0 0 3 38
The impact of Ethiopia’s direct seed marketing approach on smallholders’ access to seeds, productivity, and commercialization 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 20
The impact of seed-policy reforms and intellectual property rights on crop productivity in India 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10
The role of social networks in an imperfect market for agricultural technology products: Evidence on Bt cotton adoption in Pakistan 0 0 0 100 0 2 4 213
The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India: An analysis of industry structure, competition, and policy options 0 0 3 114 1 2 12 694
Trading off nutrition and education? A panel data analysis of the dissimilar welfare effects of Organic and Fairtrade standards 0 0 0 40 0 2 4 72
Trading off nutrition and education? A panel data analysis of the dissimilar welfare effects of Organic and Fairtrade standards 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 23
Transforming African agricultural markets through digital innovations: What we (do not) know 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 3
Varietal integrity, damage abatement, and productivity: Evidence from the cultivation of Bt cotton in Pakistan 1 1 1 51 1 1 1 57
Video-based agricultural extension: Analysis of a pilot project in Ethiopia 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 22
When saying 'see, it works!' isn’t enough: Sharing results from an evaluation of video-mediated extension in Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 11
Women’s empowerment in Rwandan agriculture: A baseline assessment in the context of Rwanda’s gender and youth mainstreaming strategy and the fourth strategic plan for agricultural transformation 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9
Women’s empowerment, agricultural extension, and digitalization: Disentangling information and role model effects in rural Uganda 0 0 0 21 1 1 2 27
Women’s empowerment, agricultural extension, and digitalization: Disentangling information and role-model effects in rural Uganda 0 0 1 29 0 0 2 28
Total Working Papers 8 23 108 4,496 108 320 1,501 17,680
1 registered items for which data could not be found


Journal Article File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
A Question of Integrity: Variants of Bt Cotton, Pesticides and Productivity in Pakistan 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40
Accelerating technical change through ICT: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia 0 0 2 5 1 5 23 36
An innovation systems perspective on strengthening agricultural education and training in sub-Saharan Africa 1 1 1 65 1 2 4 281
Change and diversity in smallholder rice–fish systems: Recent evidence and policy lessons from Bangladesh 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 94
Changing patterns in genebank acquisitions of crop genetic materials: An analysis of global policy drivers and potential consequences 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 12
Demand for Complementary Financial and Technological Tools for Managing Drought Risk 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 49
Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there? 1 4 9 10 1 10 30 36
Do grassroots interventions relax behavioural constraints and improve adoption of nutrition-sensitive food production systems? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Drought-tolerant rice, weather index insurance, and comprehensive risk management for smallholders: evidence from a multi-year field experiment in India 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2
Drought‐tolerant rice, weather index insurance, and comprehensive risk management for smallholders: evidence from a multi‐year field experiment in India 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 39
Empowering women through targeting information or role models: Evidence from an experiment in agricultural extension in Uganda 1 1 3 4 1 1 14 25
Estimating seed demand in the presence of market frictions: Evidence from an auction experiment in Nigeria 0 1 4 5 1 3 10 14
Ex ante and ex post effects of hybrid index insurance in Bangladesh 0 1 3 42 0 3 6 347
Farmers' Heterogeneous Valuation of Laser Land Leveling in Eastern Uttar Pradesh: An Experimental Auction to Inform Segmentation and Subsidy Strategies 0 0 0 24 0 0 2 132
Food Standards, Certification, and Poverty among Coffee Farmers in Uganda 0 1 4 119 1 3 14 420
Heterogeneous Demand for Drought-Tolerant Rice: Evidence from Bihar, India 0 0 0 40 0 1 2 149
Hiding or Pleasing: Spousal Disagreement Among Ugandan Maize Farmers 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4
Information and Communication Technologies to Provide Agricultural Advice to Smallholder Farmers: Experimental Evidence from Uganda 1 1 5 15 1 1 9 66
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries 0 0 0 15 1 5 11 55
Innovation systems and technical efficiency in developing-country agriculture 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 64
Intrahousehold preference heterogeneity and demand for labor‐saving agricultural technology 0 0 2 2 0 2 9 9
Leveling with friends: Social networks and Indian farmers' demand for a technology with heterogeneous benefits 0 0 2 40 1 3 9 159
Local governance systems and smallholder cooperatives in Ethiopia 0 0 0 20 1 1 5 82
Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: The search for appropriate public and private roles 0 0 3 96 0 1 6 297
Policy and performance in Uganda's seed sector: Opportunities and challenges 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 6
Political competition and rural welfare: evidence from Pakistan 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 27
Private Sector Incentives and the Diffusion of Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Developing Countries 0 0 2 7 0 2 9 31
Private-sector investment in R&D: a review of policy options to promote its growth in developing-country agriculture 0 0 2 96 1 1 5 354
Pro-poor agricultural biotechnology: Can the international research system deliver the goods? 0 0 0 50 0 0 2 175
Public Benefits of Private Technology Adoption: Spatial Externalities of Water Conservation in India 0 0 2 3 0 1 4 8
Public Incentives, Private Investment, and Outlooks for Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh and India 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 50
Public–Private Partnerships in International Agricultural Research: An Analysis of Constraints 0 0 1 61 2 2 7 215
Public–private partnerships and developing‐country agriculture: Evidence from the international agricultural research system 0 0 0 6 0 1 4 34
Reaching the rural poor through rural producer organizations? A study of agricultural marketing cooperatives in Ethiopia 3 5 14 376 6 10 42 948
Rural innovation systems and networks: findings from a study of Ethiopian smallholders 0 0 1 41 1 2 6 202
Special issue opening editorial: Designing, assessing and scaling approaches for integrated seed sector development 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 3
Targeting Technology to Increase Smallholder Profits and Conserve Resources: Experimental Provision of Laser Land-Leveling Services to Indian Farmers 0 0 1 18 1 1 3 62
Targeting, bias, and expected impact of complex innovations on developing-country agriculture: evidence from Malawi 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 50
The Impact of Seed Policy Reforms and Intellectual Property Rights on Crop Productivity in India 0 0 1 35 0 0 2 115
The art and science of innovation systems inquiry: Applications to Sub-Saharan African agriculture 1 1 6 19 2 6 21 64
The economywide recovery measures in Rwanda during the COVID-19 pandemic: How useful a lesson? 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2
The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India: An analysis of industry structure, competition, and policy options 0 1 2 39 0 1 2 231
Towards better metrics and policymaking for seed system development: Insights from Asia's seed industry 0 0 0 6 0 0 3 72
Trading off nutrition and education? A panel data analysis of the dissimilar welfare effects of Organic and Fairtrade standards 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 35
Transgenic cotton and farmers’ health in Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
What are farmers really planting? Measuring the presence and effectiveness of Bt cotton in Pakistan 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10
Total Journal Articles 9 19 75 1,313 28 77 311 5,112


Book File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
Bref aperçu de Millions Fed: Succès Prouvés dans le Développement Agricole 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 62
Highlights from millions fed: Proven successes in agricultural development 0 1 1 17 0 1 1 85
Millions Fed: Proven successes in agricultural development 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 84
Total Books 1 2 2 30 1 2 2 231


Chapter File Downloads Abstract Views
Last month 3 months 12 months Total Last month 3 months 12 months Total
Challenges and opportunities for hybrid rice in Bangladesh 0 0 0 3 1 2 5 16
Fertilizer policies and implications for African agriculture 0 0 0 9 0 0 3 26
Policy, investment, and partnerships for agricultural biotechnology research in Africa: Emerging evidence 0 0 0 41 2 9 9 205
Seed demand and supply responses 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 37
Seed policies and regulatory reforms 0 0 1 7 1 2 4 18
Seed, fertilizer, and agricultural extension in Ethiopia 0 1 3 33 0 1 8 226
Seeding the future: Accelerating seed system development in Bangladesh 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3
Total Chapters 0 1 6 98 4 14 32 531


Statistics updated 2025-03-03